Clinical Investigations
Evaluation of variation in dose of organs at risk in intracavitary brachytherapy of cervical cancer – a prospective study

Purpose

The result of treatment of cervical cancer is greatly enhanced by the use of intracavitary brachytherapy [1-4]. Brachytherapy is normally used either alone or, more commonly, as a part of a multi-modality approach with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), surgery, and/or chemotherapy. The American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) strongly recommends that radiation treatment for cervical cancer (with or without chemotherapy) should include brachytherapy as a component of treatment [5]. Rectal and bladder doses in HDR-BT for cervical cancer are estimated using the International Commission on Radiation Unit and Measurement (ICRU) reference points [6]. The ABS recommends to displace the bladder and rectum from the applicator using an in-built rectal retractor, radiopaque gauze, a posterior vaginal speculum blade, or an inflatable catheter bulb to increase the therapeutic ratio [5]. The insertion of the rectal retractors may actually transfer the applicators towards the bladder, making anterior vaginal packing even more significant. They also recommend the use of external fixation devices to help prevent applicator movement.

Many institutions carry out the treatment of cervical cancer with the use of HDR-BT in 2-7 fractions as a part of their treatment protocol [7, 8]. Using imaging equipment, the applicator position is kept nearly identical to the first fraction to obtain the treatment planning and dosimetry. In many institutions, an integrated brachytherapy unit (IBU) is not available where imager is in-built with the treatment unit. Therefore, the options include transferring patients either from the operating room or a procedure room in the department, to the simulator for radiograph generation and then transferring to the treatment room. Every effort is also usually made to minimize patient and applicator movements, so that the dosimetry performed on treatment planning radiographs matches patient and applicator positions during the subsequent treatments.

Some radiologists suggest volumetric assessment of OARs as a better and more complete representation of doses to OARs [5, 9, 10]. Recently, a comparative study of OARs between 2D orthogonal films based planning and 3D based planning were discussed and shown that ICRU reference points doses underestimated D2cc volume doses for bladder, although no difference was found in rectum [11]. The dose to critical organs and toxicity is directly proportional in addition to the relation between the dose to critical organ and the measured dose at the respective points [12]. Most recently, a variation in Fletcher-Suit applicator geometry and the influence on critical structure were discussed in HDR-BT of cervical cancer [13,14]. In this paper we have evaluated variation in dose to rectum, bladder and point B dose of cervical cancer patient undergoing fractionated high dose rate HDR-BT.

Material and methods

Patient selection



Twenty patients with histopathologically confirmed cervical cancer in different clinical stages were selected for this prospective study. Patients under study were treated with EBRT and HDR-BT between October 2009 and November 2010 in the Department of Radiotherapy, Regional Cancer Centre, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India.

Intracavitary radiotherapy applicator placement and markers

The Fletcher-Suit applicators (Nucletron®) were used with ovoid’s: half ovoid (15 mm and 20 mm diameters) and full ovoid (20 mm diameter) with tandem angle of 15°, 30° and 45°. The combination of ovoid size and tandem angle were chosen according to patient’s anatomy. Packing was done to avoid any shifting or changes in the geometry of the applicators placement and to prevent the relocation of the rectum and bladder. Foley balloon was inserted and filled with 7 cc of diluted urografin (30% contrast: 70% water) and pulled down to be seated on the bladder trigone. Rectal probe have also been inserted in the rectum. All procedures were done without general or spinal anesthesia, after which, patients were shifted to conventional simulator room where dummies were inserted and ortho­gonal X-ray localization radiographs were taken. These images were digitized and planning was done on a treatment planning system (TPS). The measurement of dose for these patients to rectum, bladder and point B was completed in relation to dose at point A.

Brachytherapy planning

Planning was done using the Plato Sunrise Treatment Planning System (Nucletron®). Dose in the range of 5 to 7.5 Gy in 2-5 fractions were generally prescribed to point A of the Manchester System using standard source loading pattern without optimization. However, all 20 patients under study were prescribed 7 Gy per fraction with a total number of three fractions each. In the planning process, rectal and bladder doses were planned to keep below 80% of dose to point A for each planned fraction. However, in a few cases either rectum or bladder was beyond 80% of point A. An attempt was made to keep bladder dose be­low the low dose rate (LDR) equivalent of 80 Gy and rectal dose below 75 Gy as suggested by the ABS [5]. Nine patients with a total fraction of 25 were selected randomly and each fraction was planned to evaluate variation in dose in rICRU, bICRU, B and A as well. In another study, 11 patients were selected randomly and after treatment of their first fraction were brought back to the simulator room for post orthogonal radiographs. These images were used for post treatment planning to evaluate any variation occurring before treatment. Half of the variation is considered as an unbiased estimation of transportation induced variation in a single fraction.

Results

The results of variation in dose in fractionated HDR-BT study of cervical cancer is shown in Table 1. Mean variation of dose due to fractionation along with their range in the percentage of point A were found as rICRU: 2.40 (0.50-6.38), bICRU: 4.29 (0.99-7.57), B: 0.79 (0.06-1.56) and A: 1.55 (0.06-3.24). In the other study, the variation in a single fraction due to the transportation process from simulator room to the treatment unit was found that the variation in relation to that of point A (%) as rICRU: 0.70 (0.30-1.87), bICRU: 1.60 (0.82-3.49), B: 0.22 (0.05-0.66) and A: 0.58 (0.04-1.76).

Discussion

Maintaining the same HDR dose from one fraction to the next depends from both the tumour response and dose to the healthy tissues. The recommended HDR dose per fraction may vary by ± 0.25 Gy [5]. In case when a dose of 7 Gy to point A is applied, the variation to point A should not be more than 3.57%. Extra care is generally advised to ensure an adequate bladder and rectal packing when using high dose ( 7 Gy). In case when the dose per fraction varies more than 3.57% at point A, the dose for the parti­cular fraction is reduced and adjusted in the subsequent fraction or in additional fractions. In this study, the average variation of point A due to the transportation process of about 0.58% (or ± 0.04 Gy) was the most probable uncertainty in giving dose at point A at treatment. Thus, 0.58% less in the tolerance limit of A could be more appropriate assumption i.e. instead of 3.57% of recommended limit of A, as we considered 3.0% (i.e. 3.57-0.58) or variation limit of 0.21 Gy during brachytherapy planning. This reduction in recommended limit may not be applicable to IBU system because the transportation of a patient after taking orthogonal radiograph images was not involved. The variation of dose at OARs in the fractionation treatment of cancer of cervix in this present study is summarized in Fig. 1. The total variation of dose to point A of an individual patient would be the sum of variation of dose in the fractionation and in a single fraction during the treatment process of ICRT. Therefore, the variation of dose to point A was obtained as 2.13% (i.e. 1.55 + 0.58). This variation of dose to point A has been studied by many radio­logists such as Corn et al. [15] and Koushik et al. [14], who presented the variation of 2%, 35%, 8%, 20% and 14%. This is a wide range for the fact that some of the studies were completed with radium source and several with iridium and cesium sources. The other points such as rICRU, bICRU and B in this study were found as 3.09%, 5.89% and 1.01% of point A. An earlier report on rectal and bladder dose variation in an unfixed brachytherapy system by Pham [16] shown about 10% and 18%. Recent studies on these critical points during low dose rate ICRT for cervical cancer by Koushik et al. [14] presents the variation of dose to rectal, bladder and point B as 3.5%, 9.3% and 2.0% of point A. The smaller variation of bladder, rectum and point B doses compared to other studies could have better reproducibility of the geometric relationships between the HDR-BT applicators and the critical structures.

Conclusions

The study of this evaluation of variation in dose of organs at risk in fractionated HDR-BT for cervical cancer was observed as follows: 1) average variation of the delivery dose per fraction of an individual patient was found well within the recommended limit, 2) the smaller variation in dose of organs at risk could have better reproducibility of geometric relationship between ICRT applicators and critical structures during the course of fractionated HDR-BT, 3) the variation of doses to organs at risk during the transportation of a patient from simulator room to treatment room after taking orthogonal radio­graph images for treatment planning was very small, however not negligible for the increase of uncertainties of doses to critical organs.

References

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