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1. Introduction
The discipline of psychiatric nursing assumes a crucial role in attending to the mental health requirements of a given population, and its importance should not be underestimated, particularly in areas characterized by enduring conflict and hardship (1, 2). Iraq is a country that has experienced prolonged periods of political instability, armed war, and social disturbance (3), serves as a significant illustration of the difficulties and possibilities encountered by psychiatric nurses in delivering crucial mental health services (4-6). Within the domain of healthcare, the discipline of psychiatric nursing assumes a vital and irreplaceable function in promoting the comprehensive welfare of individuals struggling with mental health difficulties (7, 8). Iraq, a country characterized by a multifaceted historical background and persistent societal transformations, is not exempt from the worldwide demand for mental health assistance and provisions. The current efforts to reconstruct and reinstate the healthcare system in Iraq have placed the future of psychiatric nursing in a pivotal position, characterized by a range of obstacles and prospects that warrant further investigation (9).
Iraq has a rich and extensive historical background in the field of psychiatric nursing, characterized by the unwavering commitment of dedicated professionals who relentlessly deliver comprehensive treatment to those facing mental health challenges (10). Nevertheless, the prolonged durations of instability, encompassing military conflicts, have had a detrimental impact on the healthcare system of the country, specifically affecting the provision of psychiatric nursing services (11). The consequences of armed conflict have resulted in a considerable segment of the populace grappling with psychological distress, specifically trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and related mental health ailments (12). Consequently, there has been a surge in the need for specialized psychiatric nursing services.
In spite of the inherent difficulties, commendable initiatives are currently being undertaken to enhance the field of psychiatric nursing in Iraq. Both governmental and non-governmental organizations have been actively engaged in endeavours aimed at enhancing mental health care, fostering greater awareness, and mitigating the societal stigma around mental illness (13, 14). Various initiatives have been implemented with the aim of enhancing the training of psychiatric nurses, improving the infrastructure of healthcare facilities, and advocating for the development of community-based mental health services (15). Nevertheless, there are several persistent challenges that impede progress in the field, such as a scarcity of well-trained individuals, restricted access to resources, and prevailing social misunderstandings regarding mental health. Moreover, the COVID-19 epidemic has introduced an additional level of intricacy to the condition of psychiatric nursing in Iraq (16). The ongoing global epidemic has not only placed significant pressure on healthcare resources, but it has also intensified pre-existing mental health concerns and introduced novel obstacles associated with feelings of isolation, dread, and unpredictability (17). Gaining insight into the present condition of psychiatric nursing in Iraq holds significant importance for politicians, healthcare practitioners, and organizations dedicated to enhancing mental health services, particularly within the framework of the persistent epidemic.
The significance of addressing the future of psychiatric nursing in Iraq cannot be overstated due to multiple compelling factors. To begin with, Iraq has been contending with the consequences of prolonged violence and instability, resulting in a notable surge in mental health concerns within its populace (18). There has been a significant increase in the need for mental health services, and psychiatric nurses have emerged as crucial contributors in the provision of these services (19). By directing attention towards the prospective advancements in psychiatric nursing, Iraq has the potential to cultivate a resilient healthcare infrastructure capable of adequately catering to the mental health requirements of its populace, hence fostering holistic welfare and societal equilibrium (20). Furthermore, the field of psychiatric nursing in Iraq is presently encountering a multitude of obstacles (21, 22). These hurdles encompass a scarcity of adequately trained personnel, restricted availability of specialized training opportunities, and the presence of societal stigmatization surrounding mental health concerns. Through the acknowledgment and resolution of these obstacles, as well as the allocation of resources towards the advancement of psychiatric nursing (23), Iraq has the potential to enhance the standard of care offered to individuals suffering from mental health issues (24). This not only confers advantages to the patients but also aids in alleviating the strain on other healthcare sectors, such as emergency rooms and primary care institutions, where mental health concerns frequently remain unattended. Essentially, directing attention towards the prospective trajectory of psychiatric nursing is a crucial undertaking in the pursuit of fostering a healthier and more resilient Iraq. This review explores the prospective trajectory of psychiatric nursing in Iraq, analysing the existing challenges it faces and the potential avenues for advancement and enhancement.
2. Historical Context of Psychiatric Nursing in Iraq
Psychiatric nursing plays a crucial role in healthcare systems on a global scale (25, 26), as it focuses on meeting the mental health requirements of individuals. In order to fully comprehend the development of mental healthcare in Iraq, it is important to possess a comprehensive understanding of the historical backdrop surrounding psychiatric nursing in the country (27). This section delves into the historical progression of psychiatric nursing in Iraq, emphasizing significant milestones and analysing the impact of socio-political issues on the discipline.
2.1. Evolution of psychiatric nursing in Iraq
The field of psychiatric nursing in Iraq possesses a substantial historical background that can be traced back to the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia (28). The provision of care for those diagnosed with mental health illnesses frequently involved a close integration of spiritual and religious traditions (29, 30). Nevertheless, the development of contemporary psychiatric nursing emerged during the 20th century (31). In the pre-20th century era, individuals afflicted with mental health disorders frequently encountered marginalization, with their treatment primarily entrusted to conventional healers and religious authorities (32). The comprehension of mental diseases was restricted, and the notion of psychiatric nursing was almost non-existent. The commencement of contemporary psychiatric nursing in Iraq was observed throughout the early 20th century. The establishment of psychiatric institutions and the implementation of organized and structured nursing care for mentally ill patients were outcomes resulting from the influence of Western medicine.
The area of psychiatric nursing in Iraq has undergone significant advancements and transformative milestones, which have played a pivotal role in shaping its progress (33). During the mid-20th century, the establishment of psychiatric facilities, such as the Ibn Rushed Psychiatric Hospital in Baghdad, aimed to offer specialized care to patients suffering from mental diseases (34). This event signified a noteworthy advancement in the progression of mental health nursing. Over the course of time, the field of psychiatric nursing in Iraq has progressively integrated evidence-based practices and therapeutic treatments, thereby conforming to internationally recognized standards of care. Nurses had comprehensive instruction in contemporary psychiatric nursing methodologies. In Iraq, educational institutions have implemented psychiatric nursing programs to ensure that nurses receive comprehensive training in the provision of care for patients with mental health illnesses (35). The process of professionalizing mental nursing has resulted in an enhancement of the quality of care provided.
2.2. Influence of socio-political factors on the field
The domain of mental nursing in Iraq has been greatly impacted by the socio-political context of the country. The mental healthcare system in Iraq during the Ba’athist administration (36), under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, had a multifaceted dynamic (37). During this period, psychiatric institutions received financial support and allocated resources; yet, it is important to acknowledge that instances of human rights violations were reported within these facilities. The mental healthcare system in Iraq during the Ba’athist regime, under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, exhibited a complex and diverse nature (38). During this temporal epoch, psychiatric establishments were bestowed with financial backing and assigned resources. However, it is imperative to realize that occurrences of human rights transgressions were documented within these institutions.
In conclusion, the historical backdrop of psychiatric nursing in Iraq is characterized by a progression from customary methods to the formation of contemporary mental care. Significant achievements and advancements have contributed to the enhancement of the quality of care delivered to those diagnosed with mental diseases. Nevertheless, the discipline has also been shaped by socio-political forces, encompassing instances of instability and conflict. A comprehensive comprehension of this historical context is of utmost importance in order to acknowledge the obstacles and accomplishments within the field of psychiatric nursing in Iraq, as well as to provide guidance for its future advancement.
3. Challenges Faced by Psychiatric Nursing in Iraq
Psychiatric nursing assumes a pivotal position in the facilitation of mental well-being and the provision of comprehensive care to patients grappling with diverse mental health difficulties (39-41). In Iraq, similar to numerous other nations, the field of psychiatric nursing encounters various notable obstacles that impede the delivery of high-quality mental healthcare (42). This section aims to review and evaluate five significant issues encountered by psychiatric nursing in Iraq.
3.1. Shortage of Trained Psychiatric Nurses
One of the primary obstacles encountered by psychiatric nursing in Iraq pertains to the significant dearth of well qualified psychiatric nurses (43). The demand for mental healthcare services in Iraq has experienced a substantial rise as a result of the enduring consequences of violence, displacement, and socioeconomic instability (44). Nevertheless, the current number of psychiatric nurses falls short in meeting the demand. The insufficiency can be ascribed to a multitude of variables, encompassing the dearth of specialist psychiatric nursing school programs, comparatively lower remuneration for psychiatric nurses in relation to other nursing specializations, and the overarching difficulties associated with operating in mental health environments.
The insufficiency of well-educated psychiatric nurses’ results in healthcare institutions being overwhelmed, patients experiencing extended wait times when seeking care, and a decline in the quality of care due to staff fatigue (44). To effectively mitigate this scarcity, it is imperative to allocate resources towards the enhancement of mental nursing education programs, the enhancement of working conditions and incentives for psychiatric nurses, and the establishment of a conducive work environment that fosters the retention of professionals in this domain.
3.2. Stigma Associated with Mental Health
In the context of Iraq, similar to other countries globally(45, 46), there exists a prevalent social stigma associated with matters pertaining to mental health (47). The presence of this stigma not only has an impact on individuals who need assistance, but it also extends to the healthcare system as a whole, encompassing the field of psychiatric nursing (48). Individuals who experience mental health disorders may encounter instances of discrimination, social isolation, and even exclusion from their respective communities. The presence of this stigma serves as a deterrent for patients to actively pursue psychiatric care, while also perpetuating misconceptions around the field of mental health (49). Psychiatric nurses, who play a crucial role in the provision of mental healthcare, frequently meet opposition and unfavourable views from both patients and their families. It is imperative to address and overcome this societal stigma in order to guarantee that persons are able to access necessary care without experiencing apprehension due to potential judgment (50). Efforts aimed at addressing the stigma around mental health should encompass several strategies such as implementing public awareness campaigns, providing education on mental health matters, and establishing anti-discrimination regulations within healthcare environments.
3.3. Limited Access to Mental Health Services
One notable obstacle in Iraq pertains to the restricted availability of mental health care (51). The issue at hand is exacerbated by geographical obstacles, budgetary limitations, and insufficient mental health infrastructure. The limited availability of mental health institutions and specialists poses a significant challenge for a considerable number of Iraqis (52), particularly those residing in rural regions, in their efforts to obtain access to mental health care. Psychiatric nurses frequently have the obligation to provide their services in geographically isolated or underserved regions, hence necessitating the allocation of limited resources (53). In order to tackle this difficulty, it is imperative to allocate greater resources towards enhancing mental health infrastructure, establishing mental health clinics in regions that lack adequate services, and devising telehealth programs to ensure accessibility to care in geographically isolated areas.
3.4. Infrastructure and Resource Constraints
The field of psychiatric nursing in Iraq encounters notable limitations in terms of infrastructure and available resources. Mental health facilities frequently experience insufficient funding, resulting in inadequate provision of essential equipment and medications (54). The presence of resource limitations is a significant obstacle to psychiatric nurses in delivering complete treatment to their patients. Insufficient infrastructure can also pose a threat to the safety and welfare of both patients and healthcare personnel (55). In order to address these problems, it is imperative for governmental entities and international organizations to allocate resources towards the enhancement of mental health facilities, provision of critical resources, and establishment of a secure and supportive atmosphere for the practice of psychiatric nursing. Sufficient financial resources and effective deployment of resources play a crucial role (56) in enhancing the quality of mental healthcare services in Iraq.
3.5. Lack of Standardized Guidelines and Protocols
One further obstacle encountered by psychiatric nursing in Iraq pertains to the absence of standardized rules and protocols for the provision of mental healthcare. The lack of explicit directives may lead to incongruities in the provision of care (57), hence posing challenges for psychiatric nurses in delivering therapy that is grounded in empirical research. The implementation of standardized rules and practices is crucial in order to ensure equitable provision of care to all patients, irrespective of their choice of healthcare facility (58). The establishment and execution of standardized standards and protocols for psychiatric nursing in Iraq necessitates the cooperation and coordination of healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and specialists in the field of mental health. It is imperative that these recommendations incorporate the comprehensive aspects of evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care in order to enhance the overall calibre and uniformity of mental healthcare provisions.
The field of psychiatric nursing in Iraq encounters numerous obstacles, encompassing a scarcity of adequately qualified practitioners, the presence of mental health stigmatization, restricted availability of services, limits related to infrastructure and resources, and the absence of established protocols (59). To effectively tackle these difficulties, it is imperative to adopt a comprehensive strategy that encompasses various aspects (60). This strategy should encompass investments in education and training, destigmatization initiatives, enhanced availability of healthcare services, infrastructural improvements, and the establishment of evidence-based standards. It is imperative to address these problems in order to guarantee the provision of high-quality mental healthcare to persons in Iraq, thereby meeting their just and necessary needs.
4. Prospects for the Future of Psychiatric Nursing in Iraq
Psychiatric nursing assumes a pivotal position in the management of mental health issues, with considerable opportunities for advancement in the context of Iraq. Given the escalating need for mental health services across the nation, it is crucial to formulate and implement policies that may adequately address these requirements in an efficient manner. This section examines the diverse aspects pertaining to the future of psychiatric nursing in Iraq (61, 62). It places particular emphasis on endeavours aimed at mitigating the scarcity of psychiatric nurses, implementing strategies to diminish the stigma surrounding mental health (63), enhancing the availability of mental health services, fostering the development of infrastructure and resources, and establishing standardized practices within the field of psychiatric nursing (64).
4.1. Efforts to Address the Shortage of Psychiatric Nurses
Investing in training and teaching programs represents a promising route for the future of psychiatric nursing in Iraq (65). The implementation of specialist psychiatric nursing curricula inside nursing schools has the potential to contribute to the expansion of a more extensive cohort of competent professionals in the field (66, 67). Furthermore, the provision of scholarships and incentives aimed at encouraging students to pursue a career in psychiatric nursing has the potential to draw a greater number of persons to this particular field of study (68). The implementation of continuous education and training programs for current nurses is imperative in order to ensure that their knowledge and abilities remain current in light of the ever-evolving landscape of mental health treatments.
In addition, recruitment activities play a crucial role in solving the scarcity of psychiatric nurses in Iraq. One potential strategy could be to establish collaborations with international organizations in order to temporarily enlist the services of overseas mental nurses (69). Moreover, the implementation of financial incentives and career growth prospects might enhance the appeal of the nursing profession, particularly in the field of psychiatry, by encouraging nurses to specialize in this area (70). The implementation of recruitment centres or online platforms aimed at optimizing the application process and disseminating comprehensive information regarding careers in psychiatric nursing can serve to augment recruitment endeavours.
4.2. Strategies for Reducing Mental Health Stigma
In order to mitigate the stigma surrounding mental health in Iraq, it is essential to implement extensive public awareness initiatives (71). The primary objective of these initiatives should be to impart knowledge to the general public on mental health issues (72), with a particular emphasis on highlighting their status as medically curable conditions rather than being attributed to moral shortcomings (73). The establishment of partnerships among government agencies, healthcare institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has the potential to provide financial resources and facilitate the implementation of impactful campaigns (74). Moreover, the utilization of social media and other digital platforms can effectively expand the reach of information to a broader demographic, particularly among the younger generation.
It is also necessary to direct advocacy endeavours on influencing legislative changes aimed at addressing and mitigating the stigma around mental health (75). Collaboration between advocacy groups and mental health practitioners can be crucial in advocating for the enactment of anti-discrimination laws and regulations, as well as the inclusion of mental health education into educational curriculum (76). The success of these lobbying initiatives is contingent upon the provision of government support, which is manifested through the allocation of cash and resources.
4.3. Improving Access to Mental Health Services
The merging of telemedicine and technological breakthroughs (77) holds significant potential for enhancing the future of mental nursing in Iraq. The provision of telepsychiatry services has the potential to enhance the accessibility of mental health care in geographically isolated and underserved regions. The deployment of telehealth necessitates crucial measures such as investment in infrastructure, training healthcare professionals in its utilization, and establishing legislative frameworks that facilitate its adoption (78).
Community-based care approaches have the potential to enhance accessibility to mental health treatments for persons requiring assistance. The implementation of community mental health centres and outreach programs has the potential to facilitate the identification and provision of support to those experiencing mental health difficulties at an earlier juncture (79, 80). Psychiatric nurses possess the potential to assume a crucial position within these programs through their provision of comprehensive assessments, therapeutic interventions, and educational initiatives to various groups. The success of these activities can be enhanced by collaboration with community leaders and local groups.
4.4. Infrastructure and Resource Development
The allocation of resources towards the development of mental health institutions (81) is of utmost importance for the long-term sustainability and advancement of psychiatric nursing in Iraq. This encompasses the establishment and refurbishment of psychiatric hospitals and clinics, along with the provision of contemporary medical equipment and pharmaceuticals (82). Sufficient financial support and appropriate allocation of resources from governmental bodies and foreign entities are crucial for the expansion and sustainable maintenance of these facilities. Collaborative alliances of governmental entities, healthcare institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have the potential to effectively address resource deficiencies. International organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations agencies, have the capacity to offer technical expertise and financial resources to facilitate the establishment and enhancement of mental health infrastructure (83). In addition, collaborations with academic institutions such as universities and research institutions can serve as a valuable means to conduct research and gather data, which can subsequently be used to inform the development and implementation of mental health policies and practices.
4.5. Standardization of Psychiatric Nursing Practices
The establishment of standardized mental nursing procedures is necessary in order to guarantee the provision of treatment of the highest quality (84). It is recommended that Iraq use evidence-based guidelines and methods to effectively evaluate, diagnose, and treat mental health issues. It is imperative to establish these recommendations through a collaborative effort involving mental health professionals, organizations, and pertinent stakeholders to guarantee their efficacy and cultural appropriateness (85). In order to uphold and enhance the quality of treatment provided, it is necessary to establish mechanisms for continued professional development and accreditation for psychiatric nurses. The aforementioned measures encompass compulsory ongoing education, certification initiatives, and periodic evaluations, all aimed at ensuring the sustained proficiency of nurses within their respective domains. Accreditation entities possess the capacity to supervise and evaluate the standard of mental nursing programs and establishments, thereby fostering a sense of responsibility and upholding high standards of performance (86).
The potential for advancement in the field of psychiatric nursing in Iraq is considerable, contingent upon the nation’s proactive measures to tackle the scarcity of psychiatric nurses, diminish the stigma surrounding mental health, enhance the availability of mental health services, establish infrastructure and resources, and standardize psychiatric nursing protocols. Through collaborative endeavours including governmental entities, healthcare institutions, and the global community, Iraq has the potential to augment the calibre of mental healthcare services and promote the overall welfare of its populace (14).
5. The Role of Policy and Government Support
With the global increase in demand for mental health services, there is a growing need to analyse the influence of government policies and support on the trajectory of psychiatric nursing. This section covers three primary dimensions of this matter: Evaluating the influence of governmental policies on the trajectory of psychiatric nursing, promoting the augmentation of governmental backing and financial resources, and deliberating on global partnerships and exemplary methodologies.
5.1. The role of government policies in shaping the future of psychiatric nursing
The practice of psychiatric nursing is significantly influenced by government policies. The establishment of a framework encompasses various aspects such as education, license, practice standards, and the integration of psychiatric nursing into the wider healthcare system (87). Policies exert an influence on various aspects of mental nursing, including the range of activities that fall within the scope of practice, the methods via which payment is facilitated, and the capacity of psychiatric nurses to deliver holistic and comprehensive treatment (88).
Government policies are responsible for establishing the license requirements for psychiatric nurses, thereby guaranteeing that these healthcare professionals adhere to predetermined educational and competency standards. These regulations serve the purpose of upholding the standard of care delivered to individuals with mental health need (89). Policies establish the parameters of professional practice for psychiatric nurses, delineating their duties and obligations within diverse healthcare environments. The broadening of the area of practice has the potential to enhance the availability of mental healthcare services. Government measures have the potential to facilitate the assimilation of psychiatric nursing into primary care settings (90), consequently enhancing the availability of mental health services for marginalized groups.
5.2. Advocating for Increased Government Support and Funding
In order to adequately address the increasing need for mental health services, it is vital for psychiatric nursing to get major support and financing from governmental entities. Sufficient resources are important for the expansion of the personnel, enhancement of infrastructure, and the development of innovative initiatives. Government funding plays a vital role in providing financial support (91) for educational programs, scholarships, and incentives aimed at attracting and retaining experts in the field of psychiatric nursing. The allocation of resources towards enhancing the staff contributes to the mitigation of deficiencies in mental health care provision. Allocation of funds can be focused towards the modernization of mental health facilities, investment in telepsychiatry services, and enhancement of electronic health records systems with the aim of boosting patient treatment and improving accessibility (92). The provision of governmental assistance for research in the field of psychiatric nursing serves to foster the development and implementation of evidence-based practices, hence resulting in improved results for patients. In addition, financial resources may be committed towards pilot initiatives aimed at investigating novel methodologies within the realm of mental healthcare.
5.3. International collaborations and best practices
The significance of international collaboration and the exchange of best practices in the field of psychiatric nursing cannot be overstated when it comes to effectively tackling the various mental health concerns that exist on a worldwide scale (93). Governments have the potential to play a crucial role in enabling these exchanges. Governments have the ability to develop collaborative relationships and formal agreements that facilitate the exchange of knowledge and best practices among psychiatric nursing experts and organizations across international borders (94). International collaborative endeavours have the potential to foster increased awareness regarding mental health and mitigate the societal stigma around mental illness. Governments has the capacity to provide support for programs that are geared towards enhancing mental health outcomes on a global scale. The utilization of comparative research and benchmarking with other nations can facilitate the identification of areas for enhancement within domestic mental health systems and policies by governmental entities.
6. Ethical Considerations in Psychiatric Nursing
The practice of psychiatric nursing necessitates the incorporation of ethical issues (95), since it is a discipline that requires the demonstration of compassion, empathy, and a strong dedication to enhancing the welfare of those grappling with mental health difficulties (96). Psychiatric nurses frequently meet intricate ethical quandaries in their routine professional practice, which underscores the importance of possessing a sophisticated comprehension of ethical principles and values. This essay aims to examine the significant ethical considerations in the field of psychiatric nursing, which may be categorized into three primary areas. Three key areas of focus in the discipline include: A. The examination and resolution of ethical challenges and duties, B. The safeguarding of patient rights and preservation of their dignity, and C. The promotion of cultural competency and sensitivity.
6.1. Addressing ethical dilemmas and responsibilities in the field
Psychiatric nurses commonly confront ethical quandaries necessitating meticulous contemplation and decision-making (97). These ethical challenges may encompass concerns like as the forcible admission of individuals to hospitals, the utilization of restraints or seclusion, the management of medication, and the potential conflicts between a patient’s autonomy and their overall well-being (98). In order to effectively tackle these issues, it is imperative for psychiatric nurses to uphold a set of ethical responsibilities.
Informed consent: It is fundamental for psychiatric nurses to ascertain that patients possess the requisite ability to grant informed consent for treatment, which encompasses comprehending the potential advantages and disadvantages (99). In situations when the ability of an individual is uncertain, it is essential to adhere to ethical principles by engaging relevant legal authorities to determine the most suitable course of action in the best interest of the patient.
Confidentiality: The preservation of patient anonymity holds significant importance within the field of mental nursing (100). Nurses are obligated to fulfil their duty in safeguarding patients’ confidential data, while simultaneously striking a delicate equilibrium with the imperative of guaranteeing the welfare and security of both the patient and others.
Autonomy and Beneficence: Achieving a harmonious equilibrium between upholding a patient’s autonomy and making decisions that are in their utmost welfare can present a formidable task. It is imperative for nurses to actively participate in shared decision-making procedures wherever feasible, incorporating patients into the process of care planning while considering their well-being, particularly in cases requiring severe mental illness (101).
Advocacy: psychiatric nurses possess a moral responsibility to actively advocate for the well-being of their patients, thereby guaranteeing the provision of optimal care (102). This includes the promotion of access to suitable therapy, support services, and a secure and therapeutic setting.
6.2. Ensuring patient rights and dignity
Ensuring the rights and preserving the dignity of those receiving psychiatric care is a core principle that underpins ethical conduct in this field. In order to ensure the protection of these rights (103), it is vital for psychiatric nursing staff to prioritize the following principles:
Privacy and dignity: The preservation of patient privacy and the provision of respectful and dignified treatment are fundamental rights that should be afforded to individuals seeking medical care (104). It is imperative for psychiatric nurses to establish a secure and unbiased setting wherein patients are able to freely articulate themselves without apprehension of being stigmatized or subjected to discriminatory treatment.
Least Restrictive Measures: It is recommended that nurses employ measures that are minimally restrictive in order to promote safety and achieve therapeutic effects (105). This necessitates a meticulous evaluation of the potential harm to the patient and everyone involved, while also exploring alternative approaches to seclusion or constraint whenever feasible.
Anti-Stigma Efforts: It is critical for psychiatric nurses to proactively participate in endeavours aimed at mitigating the societal stigma around mental illness (106). This encompasses the act of questioning and debunking stereotypes, raising public consciousness about mental health issues, and actively supporting regulations that safeguard the rights of those affected by mental health illnesses.
6.3. Promoting Cultural Competence and Sensitivity
The significance of cultural competence (107) in the field of psychiatric nursing cannot be overstated, given the different origins and belief systems of patients. The provision of culturally sensitive care necessitates the consideration of various ethical factors.
Cultural Assessment: It is crucial for psychiatric nurses to perform thorough cultural assessments in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the patient’s cultural heritage, belief systems, and core values (108). This knowledge has the potential to inform treatment strategies and treatments that demonstrate sensitivity towards cultural diversity.
Inclusivity: It is essential for nurses to establish a care atmosphere that is inclusive and culturally responsive, ensuring that patients experience a sense of worth and comprehension, irrespective of their cultural or ethnic heritage (109).
Language and Communication: The importance of effective communication in the field of mental nursing cannot be overstated. It is imperative for nurses to effectively address language difficulties so as to not impede a patient’s engagement in their healthcare or impair their capacity to communicate their concerns (110).
Ethical Relativism: In order to uphold cultural sensitivity, nurses must also demonstrate an awareness of ethical relativism (111), so ensuring that cultural norms and behaviours do not contravene globally acknowledged ethical standards or jeopardize the welfare of the patient.
Ethical issues play a central role in the field of psychiatric nursing, serving as a guiding framework for all aspects of professional activity (112). In the realm of psychiatric nursing, it is imperative to approach ethical challenges with a sense of responsibility, prioritize the preservation of patient rights and dignity, and actively foster cultural competency and sensitivity. These fundamental principles are crucial for the delivery of exceptional care. Psychiatric nurses can enhance their ability to assist persons in their pursuit of mental health recovery and promote the concepts of respect, autonomy, and compassion by following to these ethical guidelines.
7. Conclusion
In summary, this review has presented a thorough examination of the status of psychiatric nursing in Iraq, encompassing its historical background, existing obstacles, and potential opportunities moving forward. The development of psychiatric nursing in Iraq has been shaped by a range of socio-political circumstances, resulting in advancements as well as challenges within the discipline. The scarcity of well qualified practitioners in psychiatric nursing in Iraq presents a formidable obstacle to the provision of sufficient mental health care. The obstacles faced by individuals with mental health issues are exacerbated by the presence of stigma, which serves to deter them from seeking assistance and perpetuates misunderstandings about psychiatric treatment. The necessity for significant investment and changes in the mental health sector is highlighted by the combination of restricted availability of mental health services and the presence of infrastructure and resource limitations.
Nevertheless, there exists a promising outlook for the prospective development of psychiatric nursing in Iraq. There are ongoing endeavours being made to tackle the scarcity of psychiatric nurses through the implementation of training programs and recruitment campaigns. Efforts directed at mitigating the stigma surrounding mental health encompass the implementation of public awareness programs and active advocacy for policy alterations. Efforts are currently underway to enhance the availability of mental health treatments by means of telemedicine and community-based care models. Improving the quality of mental health care in Iraq necessitates the implementation of infrastructure and resource development, alongside the establishment of standardized psychiatric nursing practices. The significance of government policy and assistance should not be underestimated. Policy decisions are of utmost importance in influencing the trajectory of psychiatric nursing, and it is imperative to advocate for heightened government funding and support in order to effectively tackle the difficulties expounded upon in this article. In addition, the incorporation of international collaborations and the assimilation of globally recognized best practices can offer significant insights and advice for the mental health care system in Iraq. In the context of psychiatric nursing in Iraq, it is vital to prioritize ethical considerations. The essential components of delivering ethical and compassionate care in this domain encompass the resolution of ethical quandaries, the protection of patient rights and preservation of their dignity, as well as the cultivation of cultural competency and sensitivity.
Ultimately, the potential of psychiatric nursing in Iraq is promising; nevertheless, its realization necessitates collaborative endeavours from various entities, such as governmental agencies, healthcare establishments, practitioners, and the community. Sustained investment, active lobbying, and comprehensive legislative reform are necessary to guarantee the provision of optimal mental health care to persons in Iraq, commensurate with their just entitlement. This review paper functions as a persuasive appeal to individuals engaged in the mental health and nursing domain, urging them to collaborate in order to surmount obstacles and foster a more promising outlook for psychiatric nursing in Iraq.
